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Explainer: How the European Union Works and How It’s Changing
The bloc’s 27 members share laws, trade rules and foreign policy, while critics say its complex system can slow decisions and weaken national control.
On Thursday, September 17, 2026, Prime Minister Mark Carney embraced European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen in Strasbourg, France, after addressing the European Parliament. The EU remains a complex assembly of countries playing an increasingly important global role.
France and West Germany launched the EU's predecessor in 1952 to pool coal and steel resources, forming the foundation of the current complex system based on three institutions: the European Commission, the Parliament, and the European Council.
While supporters argue the bloc ensures peace and prosperity for 450 million consumers, University of Guelph political scientist Edward Koning said, "One of the main struggles that the European Union has had since its inception is to communicate with its citizens."
Critics argue the bloc strips countries of autonomy and imposes costly regulations; the 2009 eurozone crisis caused huge friction, with nations like Greece and Ireland feeling burdened by Brussels-imposed policies while others resented paying for wasteful spending.
Amid Russian threats and American coercion, the EU is coordinating defense and trade negotiations. Prime Minister Carney has spent the past year attempting to bridge the EU and the Pacific Rim trade bloc, CPTPP, positioning middle powers to resist economic pressure.