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Elon Musk Wants a ‘Self-Growing City’ on the Moon Within 10 Years: Does the Moon Have Enough Water for a City of Millions?
Researchers say the Moon’s ice could support only a small settlement, while a city of more than 1 million would run out in a little over two years.
A recent study in Frontiers in Space Technologies found that a city of over 1 million people would exhaust the Moon's water supply in just over two years, challenging CEO Elon Musk's promise to build a 'self-growing city' within 10 years.
Scientists believe the Moon's water is trapped as ice in permanently shadowed polar craters, called 'pits of eternal darkness,' where temperatures reach-260 degrees Fahrenheit, preventing evaporation and preserving reserves estimated at around 1.3 trillion pounds.
Even with 98% recycling efficiency—matching the International Space Station—researchers estimate a city of 1 million would exhaust available water in just over a century, extending but not resolving the sustainability challenge.
Astronomer Martin Elvis of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory found that smaller habitats housing 1,000 to 10,000 people could remain sustainable for several centuries, suggesting full-scale cities on the Moon may not be feasible.
Researchers propose potential solutions including importing water from nearby asteroids, improving recycling efficiency beyond current levels, or lowering water consumption through new techniques to sustain larger lunar settlements.
Can humanity live on the moon? Yes, says Jonathan McDowell – but for expansion into space it takes electricity and water. The astronomer calculated whether there was enough of it.