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More than 150,000 Uncounted COVID-19 Deaths Occurred Early in the Pandemic, a Study Finds

Researchers used machine learning to uncover 150,000 unrecognized COVID deaths, mostly among marginalized groups, raising the 2020–2021 death toll to nearly one million in the U.S.

  • On Wednesday, researchers published a study in Science Advances estimating between 150,000 and 160,000 unrecognized COVID-19 deaths on top of 840,251 officially reported fatalities in 2020 and 2021.
  • Marginalized communities in Alabama, Oklahoma, and South Carolina experienced the highest undercounting rates, as testing barriers and fragmented death investigation systems prevented accurate diagnosis outside hospitals.
  • Using machine learning to analyze death certificates, researchers estimated that for every five recognized COVID-19 deaths, one additional death went unmarked due to low testing availability early in the pandemic.
  • Dr. Nahid Bhadelia, founding director of the Boston University Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Policy and Research, said "This work is important because our ability to detect and correctly assign deaths" shapes pandemic response.
  • Katherine Hempstead, senior policy adviser at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, called for standardizing death investigation, noting geographic variations reduced accuracy of national surveillance data and pandemic response.
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Science Daily broke the news in United States on Wednesday, March 18, 2026.
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