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'A Completely Different Story': 300 Million-Year-Old Fossils Reveal the First Vertebrate Land Dwellers Weren't What We Thought, Researchers Claim

Fossilized baby embolomeres lacked external gills, suggesting early tetrapods did not undergo amphibian-like metamorphosis, researchers said.

  • On Thursday, a study published in the journal Science revealed that early tetrapods known as embolomeres skipped the tadpole stage, growing into larger versions of themselves rather than undergoing metamorphosis.
  • Evolutionary theory previously assumed early land-dwelling vertebrates utilized a tadpole-like larval stage to transition from water to land; Mann and Pardo argue this simplified biological model is incorrect.
  • The research team analyzed rare, well-preserved embolomere hatchlings from Mazon Creek, Illinois, a fossil site about 60 miles southwest of Chicago, which lacked external gills and tadpole-like features.
  • By examining other lineages like megalichthyid fish and aistopods, researchers confirmed direct development was consistent across ancestral groups, offering reproductive advantages to early tetrapods.
  • These findings suggest early tetrapods were less like amphibians and more like modern humans in their life cycles, upending decades of conventional wisdom about how land-dwelling animals evolved.
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Popular Science broke the news in United States on Thursday, June 18, 2026.
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